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Private banking is banking, investment and other financial services provided by banks to high-net-worth individuals who enjoy high levels of income or invest sizable assets. The term "private" refers to customer service rendered on a more personal basis than in mass-market retail banking, usually via dedicated bank advisers. It does not refer to a private bank, which is a non-incorporated banking institution. Private banking forms an important, high-level and more exclusive (for the especially affluent) subset of wealth management. At least until recently, it largely consisted of banking services (deposit taking and payments), discretionary asset management, brokerage, limited tax advisory services and some basic concierge-type services, offered by a single designated relationship manager. Taking a largely passive approach to financial decision making, most clients trust their private banking relationship manager to ‘get on with it.’ == Overview == Private banking is the way banking originated. The first banks in Venice were focused on managing personal finance for wealthy families. Private banks became known as ‘Private’ to stand out from the retail banking & savings banks aimed at the new middle class. Traditionally, Private Banks were linked to families for several generations. They often advised and performed all financial & banking services for families. Historically, private banking has developed in Europe (see the List of private banks). Some banks in Europe are known for managing assets of some royal families. The assets of the Princely Family of Liechtenstein are managed by LGT Group (founded in 1920 and originally known as The Liechtenstein Global Trust). The assets of the Dutch royal family are managed by MeesPierson (founded in 1720).〔http://www.abnamro.com/en/about-abn-amro/history/history-downloads/index.html〕 The assets of the British Royal Family are managed by Coutts (founded in 1692). Historically, private banking has been viewed as a very exclusive niche that only caters to high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs) with liquidity over $2 million, though it is now possible to open private banking accounts with as little as $250,000 for private investors. An institution's private banking division provides services such as wealth management, savings, inheritance, and tax planning for their clients. For private banking services clients pay either based on the number of transactions, the annual portfolio performance or a "flat-fee", usually calculated as a yearly percentage of the total investment amount.〔(Understanding Cost Drivers and Pricing Models in Wealth Management, MyPrivateBanking Research, June 15, 2009 )〕 "Private" also alludes to bank secrecy and minimizing taxes through careful allocation of assets, or by hiding assets from the taxing authorities. Swiss and certain offshore banks have been criticized for such cooperation with individuals practicing tax evasion. Although ''tax fraud'' is a criminal offense in Switzerland, ''tax evasion'' is only a civil offence, not requiring banks to notify taxing authorities.〔(Whitlock, Craig. "Swiss Talk Tough In Banking Battle: Blacklist Threat Looms Over Tax Havens" Washington Post, Sunday, March 29, 2009; Page A07. )〕 In Switzerland, there are many banks providing private banking services.〔(Swiss Banks Buck Secrecy Squeeze With $53 Billion of Inflows )〕 From Congress of Vienna in 1815 Switzerland has remained neutral including the time of two World Wars. After World War I, the former nobles of Austro-Hungarian Empire moved their assets to Switzerland for fear of confiscation by new governments.〔''The Swiss banks'' by T. R. Fehrenbach〕 During World War II, many wealthy people, including Jewish families and institutions, moved their assets into Switzerland to protect them from Nazi Germany. However, this transfer of wealth into Switzerland had mixed and controversial results, as beneficiaries had difficulties retrieving their assets after the war.〔''Hitler's Secret Bankers'' by Adam Lebor〕 After World War II, in east Europe, assets were again moved into Switzerland for fear of confiscation by communistic governments. Today, Switzerland remains the largest offshore center, with about 27 percent ($2.0 trillion) of global offshore wealth in 2009, according to Boston Consulting Group.〔(The Offshore Business Has Recovered—but Challenges Remain )〕 (Offshore wealth is defined as assets booked in a country where the investor has no legal residence or tax domicile) In England, private banks were established in the 17th century, in parallel with the development of agriculture, managing the assets of the royal family, nobility and the landed gentry. The United States has one of the largest private banking systems in the world, in part due to the 3.1 million HNWIs accounting for 28.6% of the global HNWIs population in 2010, according to the co-research of Capgemini and Merrill Lynch. Some American banks that specialize in private banking date back to the 19th century, such as U.S. Trust (founded in 1812) and Northern Trust (founded in 1889). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「private banking」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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